Preventive Neurology

In summary, any form and any amount of alcohol consumption is unhealthy for the brain. Photo by Hush Naidoo on Unsplash He was only 64 when his daughter noticed that his forgetfulness had started to impact on his ability to function independently. Her father had forgotten to pay the gas and electricity bill and social services had contacted her as next of kin to find out why. It was clear that years of excessive alcohol was having an impact on his memory. The scenario above is one that is played out across society thousands of times if not hundreds of thousands of times. This is why the study below from the UK biobank is so worrying; when it comes to brain volume, a crude measure of the brain's neuronal and cognitive reserve, there is no safe alcohol consumption limit. Importantly, comorbidities such as high blood pressure and obesity interacted with alcohol consumption to reduce brain health. Not surprisingly binging on alcohol made things worse and this was over and above the vo

Since stating my intention to join the  #BackTo21  campaign to get my BMI back to what it was when I was 21 years of age, I have had several emails and direct messages on social media questioning the wisdom of my intention.  Photo by NeONBRAND on Unsplash It is clear that despite BMI being a relatively poor metric of health there is overwhelming evidence that at a population level it predicts poor health outcomes. Importantly there is new data that indicates the target BMI for the prevention of type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome depends on your ethnicity. For people of South Asian origin, there is a call to reset the BMI cutoff to 23.9, which for most people is within the normal range. At the same time, there is a call to classify obesity as an important social determinant of health. Arnaud Chiolero argues below for using BMI as a socioeconomic indicator. Do you agree? Isn’t it quite amazing that in a previous era corpulence was a sign of affluence, whereas in the modern era o

Do you have mild hypertension? If you don't know get measuring.  Photo by Mufid Majnun on Unsplash Defining mild-to-moderate hypertension as a disease when it is largely asymptomatic and is really only a risk factor for diseases as a result of end-organ damage caused by hypertension is a triumph of preventive medicine.  In medicine we define a disease as a clinicopathological correlate, i.e. there are clinical findings associated with a specific pathology that is unique and separates the specific disease from other disorders, which may mimic it. When mild-to-moderate hypertension develops there are usually no specific symptoms and when diagnosed early there is little of no end-organ signs of damage. In other words, hypertension is part of the prodrome for diseases that manifest many years later. However, the medical profession treats hypertension as a disease in itself. Why? I think it is because the epidemiological evidence showing hypertension is associated with poor outcomes is

I had a terrible night last night. One of my patients who has been under my care for over a decade was admitted to a district hospital with life-threatening sepsis and has to have emergency surgery. It is touch and go if this patient will survive. I kept tossing and turning and rehearsing events that led up to their admission and kept wondering if anything could have been done to prevent the sepsis from progressing to a stage when it required surgery. The result is I had a very poor night’s sleep and feel terrible this morning; irritable, tired, groggy and foggy as if I have a hangover. What damage has this caused? Photo by engin akyurt on Unsplash It is clear that sleep is a physiological must; acute sleep deprivation is a major life-threatening stressor and kills. This is why it is used as a method of torture. Chronic sleep deprivation is also a stressor and also kills, only more slowly. The paper by Eide and colleagues below shows how one night’s sleep deprivation impairs the brain

Photo by Mark Paton on Unsplash We know that exercise is important for brain health has the potential to delay, or prevent, all cause-dementia in the general population. Hearing loss has recently also been identified as an important and potentially modifiable risk factor for dementia. Are hearing loss and physical activity related to each other? This study below shows in elderly people that hearing loss is associated with a worse physical activity profile. Is this association or causation? Is hearing loss part of the dementia prodrome and hence is associated with other prodromal features of dementia such as poor motivation, social isolation, lower mood, etc., which lead to less activity? Or is less activity in old age related to a lifetime of less activity and hence a higher risk of dementia and is simply associated with loss of hearing? Does hearing loss impact one's ability to exercise? Does less environmental auditory feedback make it less likely that you go out and exercise? I

Photo by i yunmai on Unsplash It looks like we have to rethink what a healthy BMI is!  This study below shows that above a BMI of 23 kg/m2 there is a linear increase in risk of severe COVID-19 leading to admission to hospital and death, and a linear increase in admission to an ICU across the whole BMI range, which is not attributable to excess risks of related diseases. The important thing to point out is that the relative risk due to increasing BMI is particularly notable in people younger than 40 years and of black ethnicity . This means that if your BMI (weight/height (m)-squared) is above 23 you should probably do something about it. In parallel to this, I read an article a few weeks ago that said you need to get back to what you weighed when you were aged 21. If I did this I would need to lose 13kg (2 stones) and my BMI would be 22. So I am going to get on the case and will be joining the #BackTo21 challenge and in so doing maximising my chances of doing okay if I ever get COV

Photo by sk on Unsplash The stress response is hardwired into the primate genome. Clearly, the acute stress response is critical for the survival of the fittest. In comparison, a chronic stress response comes at a price. Some people like to think of stress as some subjective phenomenon that you measure on a Lickert scale from 0 (no stress) to 7 (severe or intolerable stress). However, the stress response is biological with glucocorticoid production being the biomarker of choice for measuring stress; i.e. the area-under-the-cortisol-curve over time is how we measure chronic stress. In the field study below of female baboons, chronic glucocorticoid exposure predicted life expectancy. A hypothetical female who maintained glucocorticoid levels in the top decile for her age across adulthood would be expected to lose 5.4 years of life relative to a female who maintained glucocorticoid in the bottom decile for her age. With the life expectancy of the average baboon being 35-45 years of age